Willingness to Judge A deconstructive approach to Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter

Introduction The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, has plenty of lessons for both psychotherapists and psychoanalysts. It can be argued that no other novel dwells so much on the in-depth examination of the conflicts, dynamics and defenses attributes of shame (Adamson 53).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Willingness to Judge: A deconstructive approach to Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although a number of critics on The Scarlet Letter have attributed Reverend Dimmesdale’s pain to guilt while Hester Prynne’s to shame, others suggest that both characters are distressed with shame. However, Dimmesdale’s pain is more severe than Hester’s because it is deeper and lethal (Kilborne 32). This paper will therefore attempt to analyze The Scarlet Letter through the glasses of deconstruction. This paper will focus on how Haw thorn uses a deconstruction method to analyze the Puritan reading. Special attention will be placed on the turnaround of the Puritans’ order of reading and writing with its related transcription of reading as the non-origin authenticity of writing. This paper will also talk about Dimmesdale and Hester and their conflicting views about the Puritan reading. Emphasis will also be laid on the significance of the scarlet letter imprinted on the bosom of Dimmesdale. Salvation and damnation argument According to Stewart, Hawthorne is considered to be a â€Å"Puritan of Puritans (16). But how can one attach a deconstructive of Puritanism to Hawthorne? Dimmesdale shouts, â€Å"Stand any here that question God’s judgment on a sinner? Behold! Behold a dreadful witness of it!† (Scheer 2). What ensues after this is unclear. â€Å"It was revealed!† Asserts the narrator, â€Å"but it were irrelevant to describe that revelation† (Scheer 2). It can be argued that the revelation is about the scarlet letter imprinted on the bare bosom of Dimmesdale. It can be assumed that the presence of this imprint of sin on Dimmesdale’s rear end is not precisely masked in mystery. On the other hand, it is also not clearly asserted. What the reader that ascertains from this context is the breaking of the spell that sets free Pearl’s tears and kisses and the concluding trade of words between the former treacherous partners.Advertising Looking for critical writing on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hester expresses the optimism that they use up their â€Å"immortal life together,† however, Dimmesdale scolds her when he says, â€Å"the law we broke!† (The sin here so terribly unveiled) let these unaided be in thy thoughts!† Later on, Dimmesdale shows gratitude to God for his â€Å"afflictions,† without which he believes he â€Å"would have bee n lost forever† (Scheer 2). Dimmesdale submits his soul by extolling the God’s name and asking for â€Å"His will to be done† (Scheer 2). A major part of the salvation and damnation argument in the critical canon is initiated by these last moments of Dimmesdale’s mortal life. The squabble on both sides-and the rationale of each side is in fact incontrovertible- center on either side of a symmetrical inquiry: if Dimmesdale assumes that he is damned, he is saved; if he assumes that he is saved, he is damned. The argument put forward by Edward Davidson (among the formidable in the damned theory) appeals to the Romantic and Puritan theories of the Fall: Dimmesdale’s solipsistic partition of the spirit from the body (90). This argument posits that Dimmesdale incorrectly points sin to the body rather than to the spirit and therefore assumes that he is saved (Davidson 90). Some of the proofs that Dimmesdale puts forward to sustain his assumption is Mistres s Hibbins’s acknowledgment of Dimmesdale’s as being part of the Black Man. Davidson asserts that Mistress Hibbins, prior to the public confession made by Dimmesdale, is aware of the minister’s situation with unrivaled clarity (86). Accordingly, there is a debatable gap in the logic of this edition of the damned theory. The gist of the matter is when Dimmesdale agrees to Hester’s plan to run away. Dimmesdale knows that he is damned because even his ensuing public declaration of guilt is not enough to turn things around. With respect to the logic of salvation, Dimmesdale’s public admission is absolutely unnecessary (Scheer 3). Deconstruction of the Puritans In what ways does Hawthorn presents his deconstruction of the Puritan community? The exact form this deconstruction occurs is the turnaround of the order of reading/writing with its associated transcription of reading as the non-origin authentic of writing. The quality of Puritan reality is based on a reading of selected Scriptures and texts (that are unreasonably factual text).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Willingness to Judge: A deconstructive approach to Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is of necessity to acknowledge that the Puritan community asserts the texts themselves fairly than their reading of the pertinent transcripts as the basis upon which the quality of their realism rests. The manner in which Puritans’ reading are conveyed by Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter institutes theocracy that mirrors Nietzsche’s maxim which postulates that facts do not exist in the real world, only interpretations do (Nietzsche 267). This implies that the arrangements made by Hawthorne with regards to the production and sustaining of the Puritan’s are based on the adage that social truths are creations grounded upon a circular read ing. The truth is founded by a reading of the root of the reality in question where in every case the ensuing fact is an occulted form of the reading. What implores the query is the reading (understanding) which acquiesces the reading. However, the fundamental (the productive) explanation is actually a type of writing-while-reading. Heidegger asserts that an interpretation is in no way an assumption-less understanding of a concept conveyed to us (191). This implies that if we appeal to what stands there, then we discover that what stands there in the initial case is nothing apart from the apparent un-discussed conjecture†¦ of the individual who performs the interpretation (Heidegger 192). It will be inappropriate to designate this interpretation as a type of reading. This implies that what is read constitutes what is written in the manner of reading. It is this previous writing that is occulted- reading in the normal manner, which is, the second phrase of the order of writing/r eading. Moreover, it is based on this occulting that Hawthorne’s deconstruction regarding the basis of the Puritans reveals. In other words, the truth is blameworthy and utter truth cannot be fortuitous (Kilborne 471). This is exactly what the Puritans’ ruthless and inflexible reading of the Scriptures and associated texts (which are usually interpretations) fail to accept. Paradoxically, the Scripture both verifies and discards all human power that compares itself with the godly.Advertising Looking for critical writing on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Bible (the Writing) is a Reading that usually re-writes the readings. This aspect of the Scripture (readings/writings) begs the question: Were there defects in the original truths? In other words, one could argue that what is reflected in Hawthorne’s argument about the Puritans mirrors that concealed defect of the truth where all answers are simply fragmented questions (Scheer 12). Examples of Hawthorne’s Claims There are numerous examples in the texts to substantiate Hawthorne’s claims. A few examples should be enough. For instance, Hawthorne narrates about the earliest practical for prison and cemetery envisaged by the Puritan constructors for their â€Å"Utopia of human virtue and happiness† (47). This stems from the Puritan community’s reading of the outcomes of the Fall (to appeal to common sense here would simply invoke the question given that prisons and cemeteries did not exist in the pre-lapsarian ecstasy of paradise). The society of à ¢â‚¬Å"religion and law† (Hawthorne 50) erected by the Puritan community in the wilderness and the periphery of the New World is therefore overwhelmed from the onset by a post-edenic autocracy which fails to acknowledge (ironically in the same manner of recognizing) that the first sin has indefinitely prevented humankind from achieving human happiness and virtues on earth. Therefore, prisons and cemeteries constitute a segment of the text marked on the wilderness. According to a reading of the Scriptures (which is also a reading), both prisons and cemeteries are imprinted on earth to serve as punishment to humans from the beginning (Scheer 13). It is important to note that sustained reading also isâ€Å"writing† in itself. However, what is read does not automatically imply what was written in the first case. As a matter of fact, it is by virtue of this unexplained inconsistency between writing and reading that Hawthorne exploits in his deconstruction of the Puritan commu nity. Again, this reading/writing signs abound in Hawthorne’s book. Consequently, the â€Å"grim rigidity verdict† (punishment) imposed by the Puritans upon Hester Prynne turns into a â€Å"living sermon against sin† (Hawthorne 63). The present of the scarlet letter on the bosom of Hester is thus not only a type of â€Å"writing† in the accurate sense but also in the figurative manner of the phrase. â€Å"This writing derives is based on the violent and forcible alteration of the camouflage into a disclosure grounded on a broad though aggregating Puritan reading which, according to the â€Å"grim beadle†, gets its collective sanction from the violent and forceful writing of a communal structure† (Hawthorne 56). The creative manner in which Hester â€Å"writes† her letter â€Å"A† is ambiguous to the bleak texture of Puritans’ realism where the alteration of the camouflage into disclosure as reflected in this case by lett er â€Å"A† automatically becomes manifest. In addition, the symbol of sin is a ploy, the archetype of all workings of art being the mastermind of the Fall (Scheer 14). The inconsistency between the writing and reading becomes manifest to the reader who understands that not only is Hester symbolized by the Scarlet letter but also obscured by it. Hester is not only concealed by the letter from â€Å"human charities† (Hawthorne 81), it also gives her liberty to speculate. If the Puritans knew about this, they would have considered it a deadlier offense than the disgrace caused by the Scarlet letter. This uneven link between the signifier and the signified prolongs further to Puritan members’ majority of whom declined to construe the scarlet ‘A’ by its initial meaning (Hawthorne 164). Thus, the concealment of what is made obvious is the self-deconstructive aspect that Hawthorne presents in his texts. What is reflected in Hawthorne’s text is a ty pe of imprinting that his text must both impulsively reveal and repeat. Accordingly, his writing reflects the reading of the Puritan writing/reading of a reality produced by the imprinting of the Scriptures and associated texts regarding the reality in question. For instance, as Hester evaluates her past experiences that have contributed to the stalemate of the scaffold, where she is compelled to disclose her own scarlet letter and its existing counterpart (Pearl, considered by Puritans as a symbol of adultery, a living disclosure of prior hidden sin) crafted by both Hester and her hidden counterpart. Hester is thinking about a â€Å"new life† that is yet â€Å"feeding on time-worn materials†¦on a crumbling wall† (Hawthorne 58).  According to this sentence, Hester is not only thinking about the dissimilarity between the New and Old World bust also the remains of the concept of the lost paradise (the collapsing of the barricades of Eden, once a place of happiness ). Thus, Hawthorne’s text has plenty of scriptural examples of inter-textuality that imprint themselves on a texture that is eventually vital with respect to text-making by Puritans (Scheer 15). The compulsive nature of Hawthorne’s text (exposure/recurrence) makes the Scarlet Letter a fascinating book for deconstruction. The link between art and sin in Hawthorne’s book has attracted abundant treatment in the critical law. On the other hand, Hawthorne’s text faces both approval and rejection with regard to this connection. For example, Leslie Fiedler makes a comment about the letter â€Å"A†. He asserts that this letter â€Å"may have represented to Hawthorne not only Adultery but Art,† by â€Å"involving precisely that adornment of guilt by craft which he attributes to Hester’s prototype† (Fiedler 237). On the other hand, Claudia Johnson considers the â€Å"productive irritant† that drives Hawthorne into art as the †Å"sinful† dismissal of art which Hawthorne had come across in numerous instances (8). Ironically, this same accusation can be traced in Hawthorne’s text. It is wrong to assume that Hawthorne is disrespectful of art. On the contrary, he senses that he has justifications to be wary of the artistic undertaking preciously because of the unforeseeable twist it make assume. The Puritan’s Dilemma The deconstructive venture evident in Hawthorne’s romance is itself a sign of defiance per excellence. Although it is not aptly expressed in many words, its more telling statement is that the Puritan creation of reality (based on imprinting and writing/reading) is a ploy which is almost permanently subdued. The Fall remains the source of this subdued art although in the case (Fall) of Puritan power, the exact sin under consideration here is the arrogant manner in which humankind usurp divinity and pretend to dispense God-like judgment (Scheer 16). The Puritan dedication to the disclosure of hidden sin repetitively lends credence to creative arrangements (dignitaries on the balconies, pillories, scaffolds, etc) without which the intended disclosure of hidden sin would be impossible. To be certain, Hawthorne makes it obvious that the Puritans were cautious of the any kind of pretentious ploy or ceremony, essentially considering it as wicked, they were nonetheless â€Å"native Englishmen†¦of the Elizabethan epoch† (Hawthorne 230). For example, Kenneth Murdock countless illustrations of the impasse Puritan divines encountered as they attempted to convey their religious tenets (34). He asserts that although Catholics and Anglicans both used organ music, incense, and other instruments in their religious activities, to Puritans, this was a testimony of their sinful ignorance of Scripture (Murdock 34). As a result, the Puritans rejected the use of metaphors, especially those that appealed to the sense, in religious worship. Here, the link betwe en metaphor and sin is fairly clear according to Puritan’s imagination. The Puritan divine were even compelled to acknowledge, rather unwillingly, that the Holy Scriptures contain metaphors that appeal to senses. The explanation for this is not difficult to unravel. Given that we are imperfect, we are unable to appreciate any language that fails to appeal to the senses. Although such appeal is essential and useful, it is nonetheless unacceptable (Scheer 17). Hawthorne’s romance mirrors this Puritan predicament in a true historical fashion. It not only dwells on their religious tenets but also focuses on their political rituals. For instance, during the Election Day, Hawthorne asserts that had they maintained their traditional taste, the New England colonizers might have demonstrated all ceremonies of public merit by banquets, bonfires, and processions and pageantries (230). Although, during Election Day, there was some semblance of this sort, what the Puritans forbade is specifically the humor, the mischievous and the potentially insubordination (which would be synonymous to metaphors that are deemed indecent because they appeal to senses). Therefore, Hawthorn informs us there were no minstrel, no offensive shows, and no juggler, with his deceptions of imitating witchcraft. All this activities were banned by the stiff laws of Puritans (Hawthorne 231). The repression of artifice of potentially impish appeals to the senses, of historically pretentious political and religious traditions, ceremonies or rites becomes- according to the narrator- the symbol of an unconscious suppression of the creativity which is nonetheless the basis of the Puritan society and their writing/reading of reality. It is also the foundation of the Puritan’s idea of a bleak and firm version of the human/divine dichotomy. However, in spite of the Puritan’s distaste for artifice, they remain unwilling dramatists and rhetoricians. On the same note, there is no gap of uncertainty in the framework they imprint on the facade of their reality. Accordingly, it can be argued that The Scarlet Letter is not a disclaimer of the religious whims but a deconstruction of its gloomy absolutist aggregation. It is the absence of a redemptive fault in their theology that remains-according to the narrator-the incorrigible fault of the Puritans (Scheer 19). The issue of the scarlet letter stamped on the bosom of Dimmesdale lends credence to the paradigm signified by the gap between the consciousness of the minister to the Puritan’s principles and his cataleptic romanticism. It is the former that compels him to make a public confession. On the other hand, it is the latter that permits him (the minister) to consent to Hester’s evaluation of their illegitimate affair, â€Å"what we did had a consecration of its own† (Hawthorne 195). Without doubt, it is not possible to attribute Puritanism vs. romanticism to the narrator. The alienated outloo k of Hester with respect to human institutions (regarding whatever is established by the legislators or priests and making summary criticism without any reverence) may have liberated her. On the other hand, it taught some important lessons (Hawthorne 199). Dimmesdale is tortured by the disparity between what his real personality and what he appears to be. Hester, also experiences the same disparity. However, she uses it to rebuff the system. Hawthorne tells us; â€Å"wild, heathen Nature has never been subjugated by human law, or†¦illuminated by higher truth† (203). This implies that Hester’s suppression by the Puritan tenets is peripheral (Scheer 20). As readers, we cannot tell if Dimmesdale has agreed to escape with Hester, her illicit lover. Dimmesdale â€Å"fancied himself inspired† (Hawthorne 225). It can be deduced from this statement that Dimmesdale disapproves the apparent link between art and sin, which is the unavoidable outcome of the Fall, the b iblically corroborated origin of both art and sin. It is this denial of the fault of truth and sin of the art that is liable for hollowing the scarlet letter on the bosom of Dimmesdale. Hawthorne’s deconstructive argument should be emphasized here: it does not carry much weight whether it is present or not for nothing that is simply imprinted is actually there at all, in spite of the fact that it is. Works Cited Adamson, Joseph. Guardian of the inmost me. SUNY Press: Albany, 2009. Print Davidson, Edward H. Dimmesdale’s Fall. The Scarlet Letter. Ed. John C. Gerber. Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1963. Print Fiedler, Leslie. Love and Death in the American Novel. Del – Delta: New York, 1966. Print Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. Ed. William Charvat et al. Ohio UP: Columbus, 1850. Print Heidegger, Martin. Sein und Zeit. Being and Time. Ed. John Macquarie and Edward Robinson. Harper Rowe: New York, 1927. Print Johnson, Claudia D. The Producti ve Tension of Hawthorne’s Art. The U of Alabama P: Alabama, 1981. Print Kilborne, Benjamin. Disappearing Persons: Shame and Appearance. SUNY Press: Albany, 2002. Print Murdock, Kenneth B. Literature and Theology in Colonial New England. Harper Torch books: New York, 1949. Print Nietzsche, Friedrich. 1901. Der Wille zur Macht. The Will to Power. Ed. Walter Kaufmann and R.J. Hollingdale. Random House – Vintage: New York, 1901. Print Scheer, Steven C. Errors of Truth: Deconstruction in The Scarlet Letter. 2001. Web. http://www.stevencscheer.com/scarletletter.htm Stewart, Randall. American Literature and Christian Doctrine. Louisiana UP: Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1958. Print This critical writing on Willingness to Judge: A deconstructive approach to Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter was written and submitted by user Helen Lamb to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Internet Business and E-Retail essays

Internet Business and E-Retail essays Internet Business and E-Retail: A New Medium for a New Millennium? The Internet is no longer the sole domain of the nerd and the physics professor. Increasing use of the Internet in schools and the integration of Internet protocols into existing hardware (i.e. TV, mobile phones, and fridges) has widened the breadth and scope of Internet user. Britain currently has approximate. 21 million members of its population online and 14 million (30%) access the net at least once a month. These figures are reflected across Europe and significantly improved upon in the Scandinavian countries. The total projected number of Internet users by 2003 is 500 Million (approximately 1/12 of the world population) with Jupiter research's European online retail report estimating 85 million European buyers spending around 64.4 Billion Euros by 2005. European users still lag behind their US counterparts in terms of time spent on the net. US users average 719 mins/mth while this was only 308 mins/mth in Europe. Germany leads the way with its users at 367 mins/mth in the UK t he figure is 276 mins/mth. It is clear that the Internet user is becoming more aware of the technical aspects of the Internet and that initial fears about the reluctance of consumers to embrace the net have been exaggerated. The Internet market is many things. It is the advertisers, the people who use the computers, the products being sold and the technology that allows it to work. It is diverse, worldwide and easily accessible to anybody with a P.C. It provides both the advertisers and the users with ways to customise the way that advertising reaches its target audience. The advertisers can obtain a lot of data about individuals who are using particular websites, looking at certain products etc. This allows the advertiser to accumulate useful information, and to target their products and the way they advertise their products very specifically at the people who are going to buy them...

About Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About Apple - Essay Example being loved by money, it faces competition from companies such as Google, Microsoft (in terms of computer software design and production) and other phone making companies in Asia like in China for example which mass produces cheap phones. This made Apple come up with a strategy that would make their products and especially the phone more appealing. They decided to have graffiti in and on their phones in a bid to promote art and also attract art lovers. This graffiti started becoming so popular in late last decade. It became popular because people could now personalize their phones not only in the applications through handwriting but also on the covers of the iPhone. Due to the fact that many individuals had the iPhones, the graffiti was welcome to distinguish people’s phones and portray not only the artistic intelligence of an individual but also it could communicate a lot about a person just by observing the graffiti on a person’s iPhone. Vandalism according to Apple is destruction of the beauty of their products for example the iPhone. Vandalism involves use of bad art like bad drawings on the cover of the iPhone in the name of beautifying it and in the long destroys its durability and even some of its features and application. Street art on the other hand is the graffiti done on the iPhone by people in the streets. These people are not necessarily authorized by Apple to work for them but they bring the graffiti from the shop to the street. Some may vandalize the product but majority really personalize the iPhone based on the owner’s liking and tastes (Banksy 102). There are types of graffiti that are classified and considered vandalism while others are considered art; this is because of many reasons. One of the reasons depends on who painted or drew the graffiti. If it was carried out by an inexperienced and untalented person, then it is bad and considered vandalism compared to if it was carried by a professional who would make it be considered art. The

WestCiv4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

WestCiv4 - Essay Example It is urging the while people, rather it is a command to the whites to take over the burden and colonize the people of other nations. The Europeans virtually looked down upon the Africans and the Asians condescendingly. They considered the non-Western culture and traditions as inferior to theirs and this European ascendancy is known as â€Å"cultural imperialism†. The Europeans had the attitude that they were destined to rule over the non-Western countries. The White men were culturally and technically advanced and always carried that air that they were superior to others. This in itself provided a motivation for the Europeans that they were destined to take care of the under privileged. This is driven by the feeling of superiority which has been confirmed by the Darwinian Theory that the â€Å"strong survive†. It promotes the idea that the white European race was superior to others. The Europeans were more advanced in culture compared to other races. The ‘surviva l of the fittest’ is the rule of the game and as believed by Kipling, the Europeans being superior were the fittest. The second motivation comes from the evolutionary theory, which believes that nature is a "kill-or-be-killed" system. It is based on the principle that if necessary, kill others to save your self. Those that cannot keep are either left behind or cut off. Even the Nazis claimed that murder of the Jews in World War II was an act of cleaning out the inferiors. To protect themselves, the superiors could even exterminate an entire race of people. It is not possible for people of two different races to survive in harmony and rather than be killed, it is better to kill them. As the others are uneducated and lack culture, they could turn savage and kill the Europeans and before they do that, the Europeans are urged to make the move. Rather than live with the â€Å"burden† it is better to kill them. Any war takes place with the motive of

Criteria of Leadership Effectiveness Research Paper

Criteria of Leadership Effectiveness - Research Paper Example   This is a critical position. Managerial skills, competency, accountability, service delivery and program implementation are some of the criteria through which a minister is evaluated. Managerial skills entail the ability to control the whole ministry, for instance, the Ministry of Education and ensure efficiency at all lower levels. In actual sense, it is termed as administrative capability Competency bases on the ability to deliver and suitability to hold such a high profile position. In such cases, evaluation based on educational background and experience. Accountability, though a managerial skill, it is an independent variable. Ministries deal with lots of cash and thus a minister is evaluated on the basis that the money and services can be accounted for to the last coin. Service delivery is the actual performance towards the set goals. Ministerial positions aim at serving the public and thus its effectiveness is based on this principle by delivery satisfactory results. It all depends on proper implementation of programs.This is the most widespread form of ethical challenge present in almost all organizational systems. By prioritizing issues, there is a huge chance for entities to use bribe as a tool with which they can ensure their ideas are given the first priority. Such unauthorized or formal procedures are considered unethical in any setup. It is difficult to fully contain every bribery situation but it can be reduced by sticking to the stipulated guidelines and penalizing those who indulge in such activities.

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Linux Computer Science Essay

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Linux Computer Science Essay Easy to use,Virus free,With boot camp you can run XP or Vista on your machine, and with Parallels you can run windows programs in OS XP. Performance: While there is some debate about which operating system performs better, in our experience both perform comparably in low-stress conditions however UNIX servers under high load (which is what is important) are superior to Windows. Price: Servers hosting your web site require operating systems and licenses just like everyone else. Windows 2003 and other related applications like SQL Server each cost a significant amount of money; on the other hand, Linux is a free operating system to download, install and operate. Windows hosting results in being a more expensive platform. Less viruses: Windows currently has over a hundred thousand known viruses, while Linux has less than a hundred. Linux also uses smart authorisation management , so it requires you to authorise any action that may potentially harm your computer by entering your password. That means you are less likely to be tricked into installing malware and running virus programs, simply because it wont let you. No crashes: Windows users will be familiar with the infamous blue screen of death that greets them whenever the system crashes. In contrast, Linux users have reported uptimes exceeding over a year, which means that their computers have been continuously running over a year without a single crash or reboot. Free software: Linux users can download free software from huge repositories containing thousands of free programs and applications, from games to music players to office productivity tools. Most of them serve as free alternatives to commercial software, the most popular ones being OpenOffice and Mozilla Firefox, which replace Microsoft Office and Internet Explorer respectively. Disadvantage: Easily gets virus and or spyware.Does not come with many useful software alrdy installed.Easlity disrupted by other programs. Interface: The traditional interface for the Unix operating system is command line based, and this command line shell interface may be hostile to the casual user. Unix was developed for use by programmers and serious computer users rather than casual users. A graphical user interface (GUI) is also available, but the traditional Unix interface is command line only. Special Commands: Commands required by the command line interface often make use of cryptic naming schemes, and do not give much information to notify a user of what they are doing. Many commands in the Unix interface require the use of special characters. Small, normally insignificant typos can have much greater effects and unexpected results on Unix machines. *The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Microsoft Windows 2003 Advantage: Abundance of Features: Windows Server 2003 added an abundance of features over the previous Windows 2000 version, including a Volume Shadow copy service. If an administrator activates this feature on a drive, the system will periodically take snapshots of all the files on that drive. This enables deleted files to be recovered easier and can enable the option of recovering an older version of a file if some data got lost. In Setup mode, it also offers a Quick Format option where you can format a specific partition of a drive instead of having to do the entire drive at once, which saves a significant amount of time. Versions Designed to Fit Needs Windows Server 2003 added an abundance of features over the previous Windows 2000 version, including a Volume Shadow copy service. If an administrator activates this feature on a drive, the system will periodically take snapshots of all the files on that drive. This enables deleted files to be recovered easier and can enable the option of recovering an older version of a file if some data got lost. In Setup mode, it also offers a Quick Format option where you can format a specific partition of a drive instead of having to do the entire drive at once, which saves a significant amount of time. Disadvantage: Cost: Windows Server 2003 added an abundance of features over the previous Windows 2000 version, including a Volume Shadow copy service. If an administrator activates this feature on a drive, the system will periodically take snapshots of all the files on that drive. This enables deleted files to be recovered easier and can enable the option of recovering an older version of a file if some data got lost. In Setup mode, it also offers a Quick Format option where you can format a specific partition of a drive instead of having to do the entire drive at once, which saves a significant amount of time. Outdated: Another disadvantage to Windows Server 2003 is that is was already made obsolete by Windows Server 2008 and then Windows Server 2008 R2. Any upgrades to the Server systems will be made off of those versions and not the 2003 option. The 2008 version features enhanced security features that make it more attractive for many businesses in the wake of ever-evolving threats such as viruses and malware infestation. There are also a number of new features and programs included. *The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Mac OS Advantages: Security: Mac OS is a two-layered system: the attractive GUI sits atop a Unix core, and Unix is best-known for its security features. Its simply impossible to install a destructive trojan or virus unless the user explicity allows it root access via typing in the admin password. Mac OSs built-in firewall is set up to work unobtrusively out of the box as well as being highly configurable. Mac OS users should be vigilant about strange files and never allow an application they arent certain of admin access, but they dont need special anti-virus software. Reliability: Because OS X was designed from scratch from the ground up, Mac OS is incredibly stable. Apple controls production from start to finish, so every part of a Mac is designed and tested to work together. Ease of Use: Apples known for hiring the best industrial and interface designers around, and it shows in the intuitive nature of the GUI. I dont mean to sound like Im verging into fangirl territory here; its just true. Like the OSs reliability, the OSs functionality is designed to just work. The attractiveness of the interface cant be discounted. Some scoff that looks arent everything, but when youre spending 8 or more hours a day staring at a screen, its a relief to spend that time staring at a well-designed screen. Advanced users have easy command-line access with the Terminal app.. Mac OS Can Run Windows at the Same Time: Mac OS runs on Intel chips, which means you can run XP or Vista concurrently with Mac OS, with Boot Camp or Parallels software. Disadvantages: 1.os x only works on apple computers and not on other brands. 2.no games for os x as compared to windows. 3.all the best software and stuff comes for windows whereas with apple u have very little extra software and most programs will have to be from apple. 4.u cant customize os x exactly how u want it to be. 5.since u r os x on an apple computer then u r restricted to what they have to offer In my Opinion Microsoft windows is the best type which provides people with good features.

Essay --

Experimental findings suggest by performance on a variety of different tasks, episodic memory (EM) for specific events declines as a function of advancing age, even in healthy individuals (episodic memory; Tulving., 1983; Light., 1991; Craik & Jennings., 1992). The question of how best to account for this decline in functional terms is a long-standing one (Light., 1991). This paper will focus on the use of functional neuroimaging to investigate the neural correlates of age-related changes in episodic memory encoding between older and younger adults. With specific focus on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus regions. With the emergence of functional neuroimaging technology, significant advancements in current knowledge of the human memory have evolved. Through such technology, the measurement of cerebral metabolic activity can be measured during cognitive tasks (Langley & Madden., 2000). This enables the identification of specific brain regions involved in recruiting specific memory processes activated during cognitive tasks (Langley & Madden., 2000). Recent availability of these neuroimaging techniques has provided informative insight for theories of memory, opening an avenue for further research into cognitive age-related neuroscience. Until recently much age-related memory decline has been documented through behavioural studies, suggest that some aspects of memory functioning during aging have age-associated structural brain changes (Langley & Madden., 2000). Increasing numbers of studies have explored the associations between these memory deficits and structural changes, (eg., Golomb et al., 1994; Raz et al., 1998, 1999; as cited in Langley & Madden., 2000). As humans age, many impairments occur in the cognitive syst... ...g of similar (not dissimilar) objects compared to younger adults. Similarly this response predicted behavioural performance within both groups and evidently found to be related to structural changes within this region. This study provides valuable evidence for age-related differences within the hippocampal, these changes may impact older adults performance on a range of episodic memory tasks. Similarly Wilson et al’s. (2006) model that accounts for age-related susceptibility to interference, suggests that age-related changes in the DG may result in less efficient pattern separation due to an impaired ability to reduce similarity among new input pattern (Wilson et al., 2006). Therefore it may be suggested that age-related difference discussed in the evidence above can be associated with natural/general deterioration of healthy ageing individuals. In summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.

Employers Get Tough on Health

Kayli Tipps Employers Get Tough on Health The article entitled â€Å"Employers Get Tough on Health† is printed by the Chicago Tribune September 24, 2007 and it addresses how some companies in America are now choosing whether you get hired or keep your job based on your personal behavior and lifestyle habits such as smoking or eating high fat meals. In the reading the Article states â€Å"the rules of the work place are changing† and you should be informed of those changes so you can be a likely candidate to get hired if applying for a new job at these companies.I will tell you how they are testing to see if you make â€Å"bad† lifestyle choices and also how it may affect whether you qualify for health insurance or your job at these companies. The company known as Weyco Inc. in Michigan is who the article is about. This Company drew national attention in 2005 when it fired four employees who used tobacco. Weyco performs random testing every three months, usually o f about 30 workers.The workers are supposed to breath into a breathalyzer-like device that measures carbon-monoxide levels. So if the level is high then they are given a urine test and if they fail they will be dismissed. This is a scary idea to those who might smoke. Also I need to mention that you should say goodbye to the days of high-fat meals because Weyco can also regulate your blood pressure, body mass and glucose levels.The requirements embraced by a growing number of companies are setting privacy aside and raising questions about who will qualify for health insurance and more importantly employment. Like some of the employees you may be wondering if these new rules are illegal. According to Gary Climes, vice president of Meritain Health Michigan, who owns Weyco, stated that the firings do not violate Michigan law and that the 150 employees at the company have accepted the rules. It really comes down to a personal choice as far as do you want to be employed here,† Clim es said. Since 2005 when Weyco instituted the wellness policy that includes the smoking ban, health insurance costs have increased by only 2 percent which is below the national average. So you now should be worried because personal behavior and lifestyle habits, those unrelated to work, are now fair game for employers determined to cut health care costs.The Article is very informative and gives detailed reports on the testing and how you could potentially be â€Å"dismissed† if you fail one of the tests. Also the article is expressing to you how you should rethink the junk food you have been eating or the cigarette you are about to smoke. Although thousands of employees have put in place incentives for their workers to live healthier lifestyles, the great numbers of employers have not yet embraced the act to penalize workers who don’t satisfy medical and behavioral rules.Although you should really try to take steps to better yourself and use this article as a little pu sh even if you don’t live in Michigan because punitive measures are gaining a foothold in the workplace. I recommend this article to anyone who is currently looking for a job to get these ideas flowing in your head because even if the company you’re working for isn’t testing you or firing people for smoking you should still be aware that they look at your habits.The most important aspect you should have in the work place in presentation in your effort and in yourself. I found this article very informative because I had no idea that businesses even started testing people to see if they smoke or cared that you smoked at all. Although some things may be out of your immediate control such as high blood pressure and glucose levels, you can take measures to improve your health in the long run with choosing a healthier lifestyle, not only for yourself but for your job.

Jobs on Human Resource and Criminal Justice Essay

There are a lot of jobs in Human Resource field. A job website shows fifty human resource jobs in New York, forty one in Atlanta, thirty nine in Houston, thirty five in Dallas, thirty one in Chicago, twenty two in Los Angeles, twenty in San Jose, twenty in Austin, and other around one hundred and twenty nine in other areas. There are different positions which are in demand and few of these are HR Administrative and HR Administrative Assistant in Le Parker Meridien, Human Resource Administrator in Bloomingdale’s, Human Resource Generalist in Advertising in Towne Search, Corporate Employee Benefits Specialist in Riddick Group-Executive, Business Office Manager, Human Resource Generalist in Impact Personnel,Inc, Payroll Administrator and HR Associate, HR Business partner, Human Resource Development, Time Attendance Administrator, Compensation and HRIS, Director Human Resource, Talent Representative, Attorney Recruiting Project Assistant, Global HR and Tech, International Compensation Manager, Employment Standards Relationship Manager, Benefits Coordinator, HR Operations Manager, Senior Implementation Manager, HRIS Analyst, Recruitment and Retention Coordinator, Director of Fun, HR is one of the most important functions in an organization and it needs to perform very carefully so that every decision taken is fair and transparent. The responsibility of HR is to make the employees comfortable and the work place an ideal one for them. The greater the efficiency of the human resources department, the better the workplace environment and the employee motivation to work in the organization (Robbins & Judge, 2004). Criminal Justice Job vacancies are also in the market but relatively less in number than HR jobs. There are approximately fifty one jobs available in UK, five in Wales, one in Scotland, forty two in England, four in Yorkshire and Humberside, two in East Midlands, twenty five in Greater London, two in East of England and five in South East. There is City Attorney position in, Madison Alabama, victim or witness coordinator in Hudson Wisconsin, Assistant County Attorney in Los Alamos New Mexico, and Police Officer in Madison Wisconsin. Other vacant position include Communications Officer paid approximately ? 15 to 16 per hour, Social Worker for a youth offending team paid ? 19 to 23 per hour, Probation Officer paid approximately ? 25 per hour, Secretary General in International Commission of Jurists, Counter Fraud Specialist, Probation Prosecutor, Domestic Violence trainer, Senior Consultants and many more. But the popular one and one with most number of vacancies is Youth Offending Team. Apart from YOT a lot of Social Workers are required in the market to intervene and prevent crime.

Cinco De Mayo essays

Cinco De Mayo essays The 5th oF May is not an American holiday or Mexican Independence Day, even though it should be. Cinco De Mayo is in commemoration of the defeat of the French army by the Mexicans. This battle took place in Puebla on May 5, 1862. This holiday is more of a regional holiday celebrated in Mexico especially in Puebla. Celebrating Cinco De Mayo has become popular in many parts of the United States. The Mexican government had accumulated many debts to many nations, including England, Spain, and France. These nations were demanding payments. When Mexico no longer made payments, France became eager to own leadership in Mexico. This invasion required France to send in French troops, lead by, Archduke Maximilian of Austria. The French troops began to march on to invade the Gulf of Mexico. Along the way to Mexico City, the French army encountered a strong resistance by the Mexican army, led by General Ignacio Zaragoza Seguin. This Mexican army consisted of about 4,500 soldiers. The French army consisted of over 6,500 soldiers. Yet, the Mexican army was able to defeat the French militia. This was a glorious victory and is the cause of the historical date of Cinco De Mayo. Todays Cinco De Mayo celebration is of Mexican cultures, food, music and its unique Mexican customs. People enjoy seeing the wonderful entertainment the Mexican culture has. Some are the Mariachis and the Folkloric Dancers. The children also enjoy the breaking of the Pinata, which is filled with many candies, confetti and even many types of nuts. This is a wonderful time when different cultures and races come together and show unity. To the Mexican people, Cinco De Mayo represents freedom and liberty. ...

Protestant Reformation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Protestant Reformation - Essay Example This belief gave immense power to the priests and the Pope, who was the highest titled priest of the world. The priests used that power of intercession to ensure the growth and prosperity of the 'church' to the detriment, many times, of the citizenry that made that immense power and wealth possible. Many times, the arrogance and power that were wielded by these priests caused an environment of resentment among the people that were supposedly being served. Not only was this power a continuing slap in the community's face, but salvation was also for sale! In order to raise funds for more and more elegant buildings and to support the avaricious appetites of the clergy individuals were told that the only way to be "saved" was by literally paying for your sins. An individual at that time may have to do a few "hail Mary's" but in order to ensure salvation, silver and gold coins given into the hands of the local monasteries was by far and away a more viable option. This air of resentment and anger had been simmering for decades and along with the 'salvation for sale environment" was part of the problem according to Luther's eyes.

Andy Worhol Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Andy Worhol - Term Paper Example Andy attended Holmes Elementary School and Schenley High School. Andy missed a lot of lessons because he was often sick. He contracted rheumatic fever when he was eight. He also acquired chorea, making him stay in bed for a month. A few years later, Andy’s skin became pale with red blotches. Due to his condition, he had to stay at home. He watched cartoons, finished coloring books, and reading movie magazines. His sickness and interests in cartoons and movies became his inspiration and topic in most of his art (Mattern, 10). From 1945-1949, Andy, together with Balcomb Greene, Robert Lepper, Samuel Rosenberg, and others, attended Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) in Pittsburgh. In June 1949, Andy graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in Pictorial Design. After graduating from Carnegie Institute of Technology, Warhol decided to pursue his career as a commercial artist in New York City. In September 1949, his first work appeared in Glamour magazine. He became one of the most successful illustrators in 1950s onwards and had won Art Director’s Club Medal in 1957 for his advertising work (Mattern, 6). In the same year, Warhol underwent plastic surgery to change the shape of his nose and had almost lost most of his hair (Mattern, 7). He was awarded by the American Institute of Graphic Arts as a successful illustrator. Tiffany & Co., The New York Times, I. Miller Shoes, Bonwit Teller, Columbia Records, Harper’s Bazaar, Vogue, Fleming-Joffe, NBC, and others were among Warhol’s clients. Most of Warhol’s commercial works were based on photographs and other source images, and on the handwriting of his mother Julia. Warhol loved his mother so much that after Julia’s death, Warhol painted memorial portraits, fi lm and shot videotapes of her. Warhol traveled around the world and had visited countries in Asia and Europe in 1956. He began painting in late 1950s and made his first painting based on comics and ads. A 32 series